The second module of General and Inorganic Chemistry consists of lectures and laboratory demonstrations that are mostly run on an individual basis. The material covered is closely related to the content of the first module and enables a deeper understanding of the basic chemical concepts, besides a practical learning of laboratory handling practices along with a critical interpretation of the experimental results.
The module introduces the experimental approach in the chemical laboratory, enabling the students to learn the correct procedures required to perform the most common operations, such as: handling of chemicals, solution preparation, crystallization, filtration, etc. The module proposes also a concrete demonstration of the theoretical concepts, such as: experimental observation of spontaneous and non-spontaneous chemical reactions, their physical consequences and practical exploitation for diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, the module aims at developing the skills required to conduct group experiments and write lab reports having awareness of errors related to experimental measurements and critical treatment and interpretation of the results obtained.
At the end of this module, the student will be able to:
This is the first chemistry course, so it is not necessary to have any prerequisetes at university level. The basic knowledge of mathematics and physics acquired at high school are sufficient to understand the addressed topics.
The module foresees lectures at the Chemistry Department and/or through Microsoft Teams interspersed by interactive quizzes through Wooclap, lectures and quizzes to be attended asinchronously on moodle (Aulaweb) (pre-lab participant pace sections that are mandatory before each experimental activity) and laboratory activities to be performed alone or within groups. The laboratory activities pertain topics that are both closely related and complementary to those discussed during the first module aiming at practicing some of the basic concepts taught.
The following experimental activities are forseen:
The syllabus includes the following topics (grouped according to relevance in non-chronological order). Introduction to the scientific method, bias and metascience. Measurable properties and errors. Measurement operations, measuring instruments, sensitivity and range. Measurement uncertainties: outlier and bias errors. Absolute and relative errors. Meaningful digits and error propoagation. Gaseous state and phase transition. Properties of the gaseous state. Perfect gases. Classical laws of ideal gases. Ideal gas equation. Real gases, van der Waals equation. Gas mixtures and Dalton law of partial pressures. Roles of gases in chemical reactions. Phase transitions and p-T phase diagrams. Concepts of equilibrium, non-equilibrium and metastability. Solutions and colligative properties. Methods to express solution concentrations. Solubilisation and crystallisation processes, van t’Hoff coefficient and dissociation degree. Vapour pressure of solutions: Raoult law. Fractional distillation. Colligative properties of non-electrolyte solutions, and strong/weak electrolytes. Practical applications. Methods for the determination of molar masses. Basic laboratory operations. Measurements of masses. Technical and analytical scales. Volumetry. Phase separation techniques: simple and fractional crystallisation, recrystallisation, decantation and filtration (by gravity and in vacuum through Büchner funnel). Observation of typical inorganic chemical reactions in aqueous solution and in the solid state: precipitation, acid-base, complexation, redox. Qualitative tests: flame test and determination of chlorides and nitrates. Experimental determination of the electrochemical series. Synthesis of two inorganic salts (barium chloride and cupric sulphate) including the corresponding purifications and crystallisations. Potentiometric determination of the solubility constant of a poorly soluble salt.
The teaching material consists of the lectures recorded through Teams, the lecture presentations, the supplementary informative material and all the material present on moodle (Aulaweb) that is available to the students through the digital channels of the module. The students are encouraged to consult the following sources for a more in-depth study of the topics, including additional numerical problems.
Stechiometria per la chimica generale - Michelin Lausarot, Vaglio – Piccin, Padova.
Stechiometria - Bertini, Luchinat, Mani, Ravera.
Stechiometria - Caselli, Rizzato, Tessore.
Ricevimento: By e-mail appointment (diego.colombara@unige.it).
Ricevimento: every day by e-mail appointment (paola.riani@unige.it)
SERENA DE NEGRI (President)
SIMONA DELSANTE
DIEGO COLOMBARA (President Substitute)
GABRIELE CACCIAMANI (Substitute)
ANNA MARIA CARDINALE (Substitute)
MAURO GIOVANNINI (Substitute)
DANIELE MACCIO' (Substitute)
PAOLA RIANI (Substitute)
PAVLO SOLOKHA (Substitute)
September the 27th 2021 (according to the timetable published on http://www.chimica.unige.it/didattica/orari_CTC and/or https://corsi.unige.it/8757/p/studenti-orario).
In order to access the examination, the students need to have completed the experimental activity.
Each lab activity requires the student to answer a pre-lab quiz and to supply a lab report. The pre-lab quizzes have to be answered as preparation to enter the lab and are available on dedicated moodle (Aulaweb) entries. Such quizzes consist of a series of questions (mainly with multiple choice) to be sit following asynchronous lectures. The lab reports delivered by the students following the lab activities are graded by the technical and academic personnel by the end of the module.
There is a single exam for the two modules, consisting of a written examination and an oral examination. The written examination consists of numerical exercises on the topics taught during both modules. The written examination is considered passed if the grade is ≥18/30, giving access to the oral examination. During the course of the two modules the students have the option to sit two written examinations covering only one part of the taught material. The students who pass both partial written examinations may choose not to sit the written examination that covers the whole programme. Written examinations that are passed are considered so until the end of each academic year.
The oral examination has a duration of at least 30 minutes and is always led by two lecturers with experience at running examinations in the discipline.
The final evaluation takes into account the grade obtained on the written examination, the performance demonstrated at the oral examination, the evaluation obtained for the lab activities and the engagement demonstrated during lectures through the interactive Wooclap quizzes.
The examination tests are structured in such a way as to accurately verify that the student has reached the learning outcomes foreseen for both modules.
The written examination consists of solving open-ended numerical exercises and has the purpose of certifying the students’ ability to correctly apply the taught concepts and formulae to concrete hypothetical examples.
The pre-lab quizzes have the purpose of assessing the students’ preparation on the theoretical-practical aspects related to each specific laboratory activity before entering the lab and following the dedicated asynchronous lectures. The evaluation of the lab reports is aimed at examining the correct interpretation of the experimental observations.
