OVERVIEW

The course aims to provide students with basic, molecular, genetic and cellular knowledge to understand  the fundamental mechanisms of response to cellular damage and   adaptive response: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, cellular aging,  necrosis and apoptosis. The course is focused on etiology, cellular pathology,innate and adaptive immune response.

AIMS AND CONTENT

LEARNING OUTCOMES

The students will also acquire skills to understand  the defense mechanisms associated with the inflammatory and immunological responses. It will be deepen  the organization of the immune system, the different cells involved, the mechanisms of antigen recognition, differentiation and activation of B and T lymphocytes, development of effector response. Will investigate the natural and acquired mechanisms of inflammation and immune against bacterial and viral pathogens, the underlying mechanisms of tolerance to their constituents and the main immune mechanisms of pathological relevance.

AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

The course aims to provides the molecular and cellular  knowledge  to understand  the mechanisms of cell damage, free radical pathology, cellular  response,  and defense mechanisms that occur as a result of a stressor stimulus that can lead to morphological and functional alteration. Students will acquire theoretical and practical concepts regarding General Pathology and the mechanisms underlying the onset of  cellular damage that leads to a disease.  

PREREQUISITES

Prerequisites: sound knowledge of Cytology, Hystology, Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

TEACHING METHODS

oral lecture with slide presentations.

Please refer to the specific AulaWeb instance of the course for any updates due to changes in the health and epidemiological status.

SYLLABUS/CONTENT

CELLULAR RESPONSES TO STRESS AND TOXIC INSULTS: ADAPTATION, INJURY, AND DEATH 

Mechanisms of cell injury. Reversible and irreversible injury  

Necrosis and apoptosis

Adaptations of cellular growth and differentiation

Heat shock proteins

Hypertrophy – Hyperplasia – Atrophy - Metaplasia

Free-radicals and reactive species and antioxidant defences

ASPECIFIC DEFENCES

- Acute inflammation:

Reactions of blood vessels in acute inflammation

Reactions of leukocytes in inflammation

Termination of the acute inflammatory response

Stimuli for acute inflammation

Mediators of inflammation: Cell-derived mediators and Plasma protein-derived mediators 

Outcomes of acute inflammation

Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation

- Chronic inflammation

Causes of chronic inflammation

Morphologic features

Role of macrophages in chronic inflammation

Other cells in chronic inflammation

Granulomatous inflammation

- Systemic effects of inflammation

- Tissue renewal, regeneration, and repair

SPECIFIC DEFENCES:

Antigens and Antibodies

Component of the innate Immune system (epithelial barriers. Phagocitosis, Natural killer cells

Circulating proteins of innate immunity: The Complement System; Cytokines

Role of innate immunity in stimulating adaptive immune responses

Cells and tissues of the adaptive immune system

The major histocompatibility complex

T-Cell Receptor

T-Cell Maturation, Activation, and Differentiation

B-Cell Generation, Activation, and Differentiation

Organization and Expression of Immunoglobulin Genes

Immunological tolerance

Effector mechanisms of humoral immunity

Effector mechanisms of Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic Responses

RECOMMENDED READING/BIBLIOGRAPHY

Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 9th Edition Authors: Vinay Kumar Abul Abbas Jon Aster

Cellular and Molecular Immunology 8th Edition  Authors  Abul Abbas Andrew H. Lichtman Shiv Pill

TEACHERS AND EXAM BOARD

Exam Board

ANNA MARIA BASSI (President)

ANNA LISA FURFARO

MARIAPAOLA NITTI (President Substitute)

BARBARA MARENGO (Substitute)

SUSANNA PENCO (Substitute)

LESSONS

LESSONS START

February 15 2022

Class schedule

GENERAL PATHOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY AND LABORATORY

EXAMS

EXAM DESCRIPTION

oral examination:  the student will have to answer correctly 3 questions regarding the exam. to pass the examination, a sufficient response will be required for each of the 3 covered topics.

ASSESSMENT METHODS

Please refer to the specific AulaWeb instance of the course for any updates due to changes in the health and epidemiological status.

For the final evaluation, the committee will evaluate the following requirements: level of knowledge of the subjects covered by the questions, exposure skills, reasoning and the ability  to connect to  topics discussed in the course, as well those of related preparatory courses of the  degree. overcoming the test on the topics discussed in the laboratory.

Exam schedule

FURTHER INFORMATION

Slides and more detailed informations on the arguments will be offer by aulaweb