This class deals first with thermodynamics fundamentals, which are deepened and applied to main Industrial Chemistry processes. In particular, first the oil industry, coal and its derivatives and some organic syntheses (for instance, methanol; maleic and phthalic anhydride) of particular industrial interest are discussed in detail. Then, the main inorganic and industrial synthetic processes (for instance, ammonia, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, soda synthesis, industrial crystallization) are described in detail according to thermodynamics fundamental previously provided.
This class deals with thermodynamics, kinetics and plant engineering fundamentals, which are applied to basic organic and inorganic processes of industrial chemistry. Moreover, the optimization of process yields and economy of raw materials while complying the ecosystem will be also addressed and deepened.
The teaching is focused to develop the student's ability to correlate the theoretical notions of the industrial processes to the real practice in order to optimize the processes themselves.
At the end of the class, the student will be able to use in a deep way tools and functions of thermochemistry for real systems (thermodynamic potential, fugacity, activity, chemical potential, vapor pressure, compressibility factors), kinetics and plant engineering in the study of a production process. Moreover, He/she must be able to use the group contribution method to calculate the equilibrium constant and its temperature dependence considering the contribution of molar heats as well as to exploit generalized diagram for thermodynamics function at different pressure/temperatures. He/She must be able to work with fundamental of chemical kinetics to describe the conditions for maximum reaction speed as a function of temperature for exothermic chemical reactions. Students Identify and critically discuss the accessible information to maximize the yields of the process.
According to the advanced knowledge previously discussed, students must be able to discuss the industrial production process for oil & gas petrolchemical industry, ammonia, nitric and sulphuric acids, and sodium carbonate. Moreover, students must know kinetic and thermodynamic fundamentals of industrial crystallization in order to control the crystal size distribution.
Basic fundamentals of thermodynamics and chemical kinetics, fundamentals of chemistry
Lectures delivered by Power Point presentations (teaching notes) available to students on AulaWeb simultaneously with their presentation in the classroom. Moreover, the comparison of topics discussed during class with the corresponding ones available in suggested books guarantee the better understanding.
SECTION 1: THERMODYNAMICS RECALL
Systems under evolution and at the equilibrium
Un-compensed heat
Entropy generation and reaction velocity
Free Enthalpy and chemical potential
Fundamental equation of thermodynamic chemistry
Gibbs-Duhem equation
Fugacity and activity
Standard states
Ideal and real solutions
Henry and Raoult laws
The equilibrium constant
Free Enthalpy, standard enthalpy and entropy for compound formation
Preferred/unpreferred chemical reactions
Thermodynamic stability of the compounds in relation to the elements
Temperature dependence of thermodynamical functions
FORSEEN CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS FOR IDEAL GASES, PURE LIQUIDS, PURE SOLIDS
Group contribution methods for free standard entalpies for gases and condensed substances
Molar heat for pure gases, liquids and solids
Latent vaporization heat for liquids
APPLICATION OF FORMATION FREE ENTHALPIES AND BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGY FOR THE STUDY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chemical yield at the thermodynamic equilibrium
Francis diagram – relative hydrocarbon stability
Radical and ions relative stability
Thermodynamic properties of selected chemical reactions. Role of temperature and pressure
The SynGas
REAL GASES AND PURE LIQUIDS PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND REACTION HEAT IN REAL GAS SYSTEMS
The equation of state for pure real gases
Corresponding states law
Density of pure liquids
Fugacity coefficients
Non ideal gas system thermodynamic properties
Amagat and Dalton laws, pseudocritical conditions
Examples
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA AND REACTION HEAT IN CONDENSED SYSTEMS
Solution integral heat and solution properties
Reaction heat in liquid systems
Examples of chemical equilibrium in condensed systems
SECTION 2: OIL & COAL
Factory location, the 12th principles of green chemistry, atomic economy and yield of a reaction.
Petroleum industry and its principle working processes
The coal industry and its subsidiary industries
Some relevant organic syntheses of industrial interest (i.e. Methanol synthesis; maleic and phthalic anhydride synthesis etc..)
Thermodynamics, kinetics, catalysis, technological processes and their environmental impact
SECTION 3: SYNTHETIC INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND INDUSTRIAL CRYSTALLIZATION
APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS TO RELEVANT INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES – PLANT STRUCTURE
Ammonia synthesis
Sulphuric acid synthesis
Nitric acid synthesis
The Solvay process- for sodium carbonate synthesis
Industrial crystallization
J.A. Moulijn, M. Makkee, A.E. van Diepen, Chemical Process Technology, 2nd edition, Wiley (2013)
H.S. Fogler, Elements of chemical reaction engineering 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall International Editions, New Jersey (1992).
E.W. Comings, High Pressure Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York (1956). Chap. 8 e 12.
E. Keszei, Chemical Thermodynamics: An Introduction, Springer (2013).
H.H. Schobert, Coal: - the energy source of the past and future, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1987)
Ulmann’s, Enciclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, VHC Ed.
Additional notes and bibliography can be provided to worker-students and unpaired students in order to fulfill specific requirements
Ricevimento: DAVIDE COMORETTO For any other information, students are invited to directly contact the teacher by email (davide.comoretto@unige.it), telephone (0103538736/8744, +39-3358046559) or visiting him in his office/lab (https://chimica.unige.it/rubrica/104) (DCCI, office n. 803, lab, room 124). Albo by Microsoft Teams. For any other information, students are invited to directly contact teachers by email (davide.comoretto@unige.it, alberto.servida@unige.it, marco.vocciante@unige.it, davide.peddis@unige.it, andrea.reverberi@unige.it, Antonio.comite@unige.it) or visiting them in their offices/labs.
Ricevimento: Always by appointment by e-mail (maila.castellano@unige.it)
This class is held on the second semester
The class schedule is available at https://easyacademy.unige.it/portalestudenti/
The exam consists of a written test and an oral exam conducted by two teachers (one of them is D. Comoretto/M. Castellano).
A maximum mark of 24/30 can be achieved in the written exam. Students who wish to obtain a higher mark must request the additional oral examination.
The oral exam consists of a discussion of the written exam and topics related to industrial synthetic processes and the corresponding thermodynamical principles.
Students must demonstrate that they have understood the key physical/chemical/technological principles relating to the topics and can describe them logically using appropriate technical vocabulary.
The minimum score in the written test to be admitted to the oral examination is 10/30.
For students with disabilities or with SLD, the assessment method will comply with the UNIGE rules summarized in https://unige.it/disabilita-dsa.
Students have to book in advance an appointment for the exam with teachers.
In emergency case only – according to specific rules issued by the University – the exam could be telematic
Goal of the assessment is to verify the achievement of the learning outcomes. When these are not met, the student is invited to extend the study. Moreover, the exam will avail to verify the achievement of the appropriate level of knowledge of the topics transmitted during the lectures and the capability to use a correct terminology. In order to guarantee the correspondence between the examination topics and those actually carried out during the course, the detailed program is uploaded to aulaweb and described at the beginning of the teaching.
For any other information, students are invited to directly contact teachers by email (davide.comoretto@unige.it; maila.castellano@unige.it), telephone (0103538736/8744; 01013538706/) or visiting them in their offices/labs.
Attending lectures is strongly recommended in order to familiarize yourself with the examination procedure, as the lectures are always accompanied by concrete examples from industrial practice.
Agenda 2030 - Sustainable Development Goals
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
12. Responsible consumption and production
13 Climate action
Students who have valid certification of physical or learning disabilities on file with the University and who wish to discuss possible accommodations or other circumstances regarding lectures, coursework and exams, should speak both with the instructor and with Professor Sergio Di Domizio (sergio.didomizio@unige.it), the Department’s disability liaison.
