The module aims to put the student in a position to understand the organization and structure of the human body in its various components, in an overall vision that integrates organs and apparatuses.

It makes use of systematic, topographical or instrumental approaches for the acquisition of images at different levels of macro and microscopic resolution, for the research of functional activities in relation to specific developments in the biomedical sciences.

The student at the end of the course will know:

describe the contents related to the regions of the head, limbs, chest, abdomen, pelvis and perineum, and the microscopic anatomy of the organs of the human body, with links to descriptive and systematic anatomy (form, position, relationships), topographic (loco-regional) and clinical.

At the end of the course students will have developed the ability to:

recognise and analyse the organ/apparatus within the region in which it is located,

analyse simple anatomy-oriented clinical cases;

identify the anatomical bases that led to the pathology described in the examples of clinical cases mentioned during the course.

 The study of Anatomy will allow to build solid theoretical and methodological bases that will allow students in Medicine and Surgery to: 

have capacity and autonomy in the realization of organ/pathology and pathology/patient models; operate correctly in the clinical context.

Course Syllabus: Human Anatomy

Introduction to the study of human anatomy: anatomical terminology of position and movement. Introduction to regional anatomy with identification and superficial and deep boundaries of the regions into which the human body can be divided.

Locomotor System

General concepts and classification of bones, skeletal muscles, and joints.

Head

• Skull in general: External configuration of the skull.

• Bones of the splanchnocranium: Maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha, vomer, mandible, hyoid bone.

• Joints of the skull: Temporomandibular joint.

• Muscles of the head: Origin, insertion, innervation, and action of the muscles of the cranial vault, facial muscles, and muscles of mastication.

• Regional structures: Oral cavity, tongue, soft palate, temporomandibular joint, nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, salivary glands, muscles of mastication, pharynx, and vessels of this region. Lymphatic drainage and lymph node groups of the region.

• Microscopic Anatomy: Ultrastructural anatomy of the visceral organs, including the observation and identification of microscopic specimens.

Neck

• Cervical spine and joints of the trunk: Joints of the vertebral column, atlanto-occipital joint, lateral/median atlanto-axial joint.

• Musculature and vessels: Superficial, intermediate, and deep musculature; triangles and their contents; cervical fasciae; arterial and venous vessels and related nerve plexuses (overview).

• Viscera: Endocrine, alimentary, and respiratory layers.

• Lymphatics and Development: Lymphatic drainage and lymph node groups of the region. Organogenesis of the head and neck.

• Microscopic Anatomy: Ultrastructural anatomy of the visceral organs, including the observation and identification of microscopic specimens.

Thorax

• Skeletal framework: Vertebral column, thoracic cage, ribs, and sternum.

• Joints of the thorax: Costovertebral, sternocostal, costochondral, and sternal joints.

• Muscles: Intrinsic muscles of the thorax and thoracic fasciae. Diaphragm.

• Viscera and Cardiovascular: Trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleurae. Mediastinum. Heart, pericardium, and great vessels. Morphogenesis of the heart. Radiological anatomy of the heart. Fetal circulation. Vessels of the thorax. Esophagus. Mammary gland.

• Lymphatics and Development: Lymphatic drainage and lymph node groups of the region. Organogenesis of the heart and circulation. Organogenesis of the lungs, thorax, and diaphragm.

• Microscopic Anatomy: Ultrastructural anatomy of the visceral organs, including the observation and identification of microscopic specimens.

Abdomen

• Skeletal and Muscular structure: Bony pelvis. Muscles of the abdomen, fasciae, and fibrous structures of the abdomen. Muscles of the anterolateral and posterior abdominal wall. Surface anatomy. Vascularization of the abdominal wall.

• Cavity and Viscera: Morphogenesis of the abdominal cavity. Compartments of the abdominal cavity, ligaments, mesenteries, and omenta (epiploon). Stomach, small and large intestine, appendix, liver, biliary tract and gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands.

• Vessels and Retroperitoneum: Arterial and venous vascularization of the abdominal cavity, portal circulation, portosystemic anastomoses. Retroperitoneal compartment.

• Inguinal Region: Inguinal region and inguinal canal. Testis, coverings, and descent of the testis. Spermatic cord.

• Lymphatics and Development: Lymphatic drainage and lymph node groups of the region. Organogenesis of the peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and related appendages.

• Microscopic Anatomy: Ultrastructural anatomy of the visceral organs, including the observation and identification of microscopic specimens.

Pelvis and Perineum

• Pelvic Cavity and Viscera: Pelvic cavity and viscera. Muscles of the pelvic floor and walls. Male and female internal genital organs. Rectum and anal canal. Pelvic peritoneum. Pelvic fascia.

• Perineum: Layers and fasciae of the perineum. Male and female external genital organs. Components of the perineal region. Arterial and venous vascularization.

• Lymphatics and Development: Lymphatic drainage and lymph node groups of the region. Organogenesis of the urogenital system.

• Microscopic Anatomy: Ultrastructural anatomy of the visceral organs, including the observation and identification of microscopic specimens.

Lymphatic System

• General aspects: General aspects and topography of lymphatic drainage; functional and molecular macro- and microscopic anatomy of primary and secondary hematopoietic (bone marrow) and lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes).

• Lymph Node Stations: Analysis of the main lymph node stations (cervical, axillary, inguinal, mediastinal, and abdominal).

• Note: The course includes lectures that correlate radiological, topographical, and clinical anatomy.

Anastasi G. et al., Trattato di Anatomia Umana, + Anatomia topografica. Edi-Ermes. CONSIGLIATO

Standring S. et al., Anatomia del Gray, Casa Editrice EDRA.

Microscopic Anatomy:

Morroni M., Anatomia microscopica –Atlante. EdiErmes.

Ross M. et al., Atlante di Istologia e Anatomia Microscopica, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.

Atlas (one among...):

Anatomia Umana, Atlante, Anastasi, Gaudio, Tacchetti, Casa Editrice Edi-Ermes. CONSIGLIATO

F.H. Netter, Atlante di Anatomia Umana, Casa Editrice EDRA.

Prometheus, Atlante di Anatomia, Casa Editrice Edises.

The learning assessment  takes place through the only final exam that aims to ascertain the actual acquisition by the student of the expected learning outcomes.

The student to pass the exam, then report a grade of not less than 18/30, must demonstrate:

describe the contents related to the regions of the head, limbs, chest, abdomen, pelvis and perineum, and the microscopic anatomy of the organs of the human body, with links to descriptive and systematic anatomy (form, position, relationships), topographic (loco-regional) and clinical.

recognise and analyse the organ/apparatus within the region in which it is located,

analyse simple anatomy-oriented clinical cases;

identify the anatomical bases that led to the pathology described in the examples of clinical cases mentioned during the course.

 The study of Anatomy will allow to build solid theoretical and methodological bases that will allow students in Medicine and Surgery to: 

have capacity and autonomy in the realization of organ/pathology and pathology/patient models;

operate correctly in the clinical context.

Examination will be carried out in the presence.