LEARNING OUTCOMES

The course will cover the topics related to the management of Large Combustion Plants, LCP, and their interaction with the environment. Fuel properties and associated risks are presented, with a focus on the Utilities network monitoring. Combustion process and its environmental impact will be investigated and the Best Available Technology to reduce pollutant emissions in LCP will be analyzed on the base of the 2016 European IPCC BrEFDocument. LCP pollutant monitoring and control strategies will be presented.

AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

The student must be familiar with the characteristics of fossil and alternative fuels, from an energy and environmental impact point of view.

The student must be able to assess the intensity of emissions related to combustion plants, to choose the most appropriate abatement strategies and to carry out their basic sizing.

The student must be able to evaluate the impact in terms of decarbonisation of the processes obtainable with the different strategies presented

The student must understand the effects that natural events (wind and precipitation) have on production sites and which containment actions can be used

The student must know the Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment, and IPPC Permit (Integrated Environmental Authorization) process.

TEACHING METHODS

Theoretical lessons and practical examples

SYLLABUS/CONTENT

Lecture 1 – National and International Energy Outlook

Course introduction, Primary Energy Sources, Energy Consumption and final use, Renewables and Non-renewable Sources, Basics of Energy Systems, Capacity vs Generation. Exercise on Different power plant Efficiency and Environmental impact

Lecture 2 – Fuels and their properties

Fuel higher and lower fuel calorific value vs Fuel density; Gaseous, liquid and solid fuel properties, Biofuels, Hydrogen.

Lecture 3 – Fuel Storage and Transportation

Unloading, storage and handling, Nature and classification of dangerous materials, Volatile Organic Compounds, Dust- Particulate Matter, Air Quality, Storage and handling Emissions to air, Dispersiveness classes of solid bulk material, BAT for Solid Fuel Storage transfer and handling, Storage modes for liquid and
liquefied gases, Leak Monitoring, Risk-based Inspection.

Lecture 4 – Air Pollution – Traditional Power Plants Primary Techniques to reduce emissions

Ambient air quality EU Directives, Impact by sector to air pollutants, Chemistry of combustion, Effect of Equivalence ratio, Carbon Monoxide, Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Organic Compound, Particulate Matter, Combustion Process, pollutant prevention in internal and external combustion systems. Emissions from LCP, Pollutant measurement and correction.

Lecture 5 – EU Energy Policies and their effects on National production mix

EU energy policies, Evolution of energy production mix in Italy and Renewable energy Sources (RES) influence, Incentivizing instruments for RES and costs, Effects of RES diffusion on the electrical system.

Lecture 6 – Flue Gas treatment, Secondary Techniques to reduce emissions

Dust Collectors: Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), Bag of Fabric Filters, Centrifugal precipitation, Wet Scrubbers; Exercise. DeNOx: selective catalytic reduction (SCR), selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR); Exercise. DeSOx: Wet lime/limestone scrubbers, Seawater scrubber, Spray dry scrubber/absorber, Duct Sorbent Injection.

Lecture 7 – CO2 Emission from power generation and Carbon Capture Technology

Global Warming, CO2 emission by sector, the Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, Emissions trading system (ETS), 2030/2050 EU climate strategies and targets. CO2 capture methodology: Precombustion, Oxy Combustion, Post Combustion Capture. Absorption vs Adsorption, Pressure swing adsorption, membrane. Cost of Capture, CO2 Storage, CO2 reuse.

Lecture 8 – IPPC, Integrated Pollutant Prevention & Control

Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment, IPPC Permit (Integrated Environmental Authorization), Monitoring plan and control obligations. Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS).

Lecture 9 – Dam management for flood prevention, a case study

The Hydroelectric Group of Terni, Integrated system, Remote control of power plants and dams, Flooding event analysis, Management and Refurbishment.

Lecture 10 – Oil Spill Management, a case study

Oil Pipeline layout, Harbour Connections, Unloading Operations, the importance of monitoring, Recovery plan.

RECOMMENDED READING/BIBLIOGRAPHY

Materiale del corso disponibile su Aulaweb  (https://www.aulaweb.unige.it)

IPCC, Reference Document on Best Available Techniques on Large Combustion Plant

IPCC, Reference Document on Best Available Techniques on Emissions from Storage

Air quality in Europe —2018 report

EEA Report

AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, US Environmental Protection Agency