This class deals with thermodynamics fundamentals, which are deepened and applied to main Industrial Chemistry processes. The main inorganic and industrial synthetic processes (ammonia, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, soda synthesis, industrial crystallization) are described in details
The aim of the course is to introduce the foundations of industrial chemistry by providing the theoretical foundations and cultural tools (thermodynamics of real systems) to address the applied and operational chemical-physical aspects through which a technological process of industrial chemistry is defined, with particular emphasis reference to the operational aspects of some inorganic industrial syntheses
At the end of the class, the student will be able to use in a deep way tools and functions of thermochemistry for real systems (thermodynamic potential, fugacity, activity, chemical potential, vapor pressure, compressibility factors). Moreover, He/she must be able to use the group contribution method to calculate the equilibrium constant and its temperature dependence considering the contribution of molar heats as well as to exploit generalized diagram for thermodynamics function at different pressure/temperatures. He/She must be able to work with fundamental of chemical kinetics to describe the conditions for maximum reaction speed as a function of temperature for exothermic chemical reactions
According to the advanced knowledge previously discussed, students must be able to discuss the industrial production process for ammonia, nitric and sulphuric acids, and sodium carbonate Moreover, students must know kinetic and thermodynamic fundamentals of industrial crystallization in order to control the crystal size distribution.
Basic fundamentals of thermodynamics and chemical kinetics, fundamentals of chemistry
Lectures delivered by Power Point presentations (teaching notes) available to students on AulaWeb since the first lesson. Moreover, it’s fundamental to refer to the book “Principi della Chimica Industriale 1” di G. Natta e I. Pasquon (free available at www.giulionatta.it ).
SECTION 1: THERMODYNAMICS RECALL
Systems under evolution and at the equilibrium
Un-compensed heat
Entropy generation and reaction velocity
Free Enthalpy and chemical potential
Fundamental equation of thermodynamic chemistry
Gibbs-Duhem equation
Fugacity and activity
Standard states
Ideal and real solutions
Henry and Raoult laws
The equilibrium constant
Free Enthalpy, standard enthalpy and entropy for compound formation
Favoured/unfavoured chemical reactions
Thermodynamic stability of compound with respect of elements
Oxidation standards – electrochemical series. (Optional)
Temperature dependence of thermodynamical functions
FORSEEN CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS FOR IDEAL GASES, PURE LIQUIDS, PURE SOLIDS (AND ELECTROLYTES)
Group contribution methods for the free standard entalpies for gas and condensed substances
Molar heat for pure gases, liquids and solids
Latent vaporization heat for liquids
APPLICATION OF FORMATION FREE ENTHALPIES AND BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGY FOR THE STUDY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chemical yield at the thermodynamic equilibrium
Francis diagram – relative hydrocarbon stability
Radical and ions relative stability
Thermodynamic properties of selected chemical reactions . Role of temperature and pressure
The SynGas
REAL GASES AND PURE LIQUIDS PROPERTIES, CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND REACTION HEAT IN REAL GAS SYSTEMS
The equation of state for pure real gases
Corresponding states law
Density of pure liquids
Fugacity coefficients
Non ideal gas system thermodynamic properties
Amagat and Dalton laws, pseudocritical conditions
Examples
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA AND REACTION HEAT IN CONDENSED SYSTEMS
Solution integral heat and solution properties
Reaction heat in liquid systems
Example sof chemical equilibrium in condensed systems
SECTION 2: SYNTHETIC INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND INDUSTRIAL CRYSTALLIZATION
BRIEF REMINDER ON CONSTRUCTION AND PLANT MANAGEMENT (optional)
APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS TO RELEVANT INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES – PLANT STRUCTURE
Ammonia synthesis
Sulphuric acid synthesis
Nitric acid synthesis
The Solvay process- for sodium carbonate synthesis
Industrial crystallization
http://www.giulionatta.it/pdf/pubblicazioni/00537.pdf
This book is the reference for the first section of the class. For details not explicitly reported in the book, the teacher notes are available on aula Web.
For the section relative to thermodynamics recall, student might find useful:
http://www.giulionatta.it/pdf/pubblicazioni/00615.pdf
For the section relative to the industrial processes, teacher notes are available. Moreover, students might find useful:
Additional notes and bibliography can be provided to worker-students and unpaired students in order to fulfill specific requirements
Ricevimento: DAVIDE COMORETTO For any other information, students are invited to directly contact the teacher by email (davide.comoretto@unige.it), telephone (0103538736/8744, +39-3358046559) or visiting him in his office/lab (https://chimica.unige.it/rubrica/104) (DCCI, office n. 803, lab, room 124).
DAVIDE COMORETTO (President)
SILVIA VICINI
MARINA ALLOISIO (President Substitute)
MAILA CASTELLANO (Substitute)
PAOLA LOVA (Substitute)
The class schedule is available at https://easyacademy.unige.it/portalestudenti/
Oral exam held by two professors, one of them being D. Comoretto. The duration of the exam is no shorter than 30 minutes. The student usually discusses one of the industrial synthetic processes and the corresponding thermodynamics principles used for. The student must show to have understood main physical/chemical/technological fundamentals related to the topics and to logically report in a suitable technical vocabulary. Both part of the exam have the same weight on the final evaluation.
In emergency case only – according to specifi rules issued by the University – the exam could be telematic
For students with specific unparities, the assessment method will comply with the UNIGE rules summarized in https://unige.it/disabilita-dsa.
Students have to make an appointment with professor Comoretto for the exams.
Goal of the exam is to verify the achievement of the class aims. If aims are not achieved, the student is invited to make a deeper study and to ask the teacher for additional explanations before repeating the exam. In order to guarantee the correspondence between aims and exam topics, the detailed program is uploaded to aulaweb and decribed at the beginning of the teaching.
For any other information, studentes are invited to directly contact the teacher by email (davide.comoretto@unige.it), telephone (0103538736/8744) or visiting him in his office/lab.
