AIMS AND CONTENT

AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

Students will be requested to get acquainted with eukaryotic cell morphology and functions at structural, ultrastructural and molecular level.

During the course, students are given some knowledge assessment tests to which students respond individually and anonymously. Immediately after each test, feedback is provided by the teacher, who immediately shows the correct answers. A moment of discussion of the topics that emerged in the test follows, with the possibility for the teacher to clarify any doubts.

TEACHING METHODS

Citology module includes 2 CFU of lectures.

It is possible that the method of conducting the lessons is changed due to emergency situations that prevent the performance of the lessons in classroom. In this case, the lessons will be carried out online by the use of the Teams IT platform.

Any Student with documented Specific Learning Disorders (SLD), or with any special needs, shall reach out to the Lecturer(s) and to the dedicated SLD Representative in the Department before class begins, in order to liase and arrange the specific teaching methods and ensure proper achievement of the learning aims and outcomes.

SYLLABUS/CONTENT

Structure and molecular organization of plasma membrane: the mosaic fluid model; membrane lipids and their properties; extrinsic and intrinsic proteins; composition and functions of the glycocalyx. Transport of small molecules across the plasma membrane.

Transport vesicles. Processes of vesicle formation and detachment: Clathrin protein, Adaptin proteins, COP proteins, Dynamin protein. Specificity of transport and vesicle fusion processes: Rab protein, v-SNARE and t-SNARE. Transport of macromolecules across the plasma membrane. Constitutive and regulated exocytosis. The endocytosis: pinocytosis, endocytosis mediated by receptor, phagocytosis, phagocytosis of self cells. Transcytosis, Exosomes.

Composition of the cytosol. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: structure, role in lipid metabolism, in detoxification processes, in glycogenolysis and calcium accumulation.

Ultrastructural organization and function of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Free ribosomes and ribosomes associated with membranes. Main stages in the translation process. Post-translational modifications of proteins, glycosylation, role of molecular chaperones.

Golgi complex: ultrastructure, biosynthetic processes, post-translational modifications of proteins (mainly glycosylation) and sorting of molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Early and late endosomes. Lysosomes: biogenesis, morphology, hydrolytic enzymes. Autophagy. Secretory lysosomes. Secretory lysosomes and genetic diseases. Secretory lysosomes and immune cells.

Mechanisms for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins: the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

The peroxisome: structure and functions. Mention of diseases associated with dysfunction of peroxisomes

Mitochondria: morphology, distribution and replication. MAM, mitochondria-associated membranes. Mitochondrial protein import. Mitochondrial genome. Mention of association between mutations in the mitochondrial genome and diseases. Localization and function of mitochondrial enzyme complexes: the main aspects of the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Role  of mitochondria in apoptosis, steroid hormones and heme group synthesis.

Thermogenic role in brown adipose tissue. Endosymbiotic theory.

The cytoskeleton. Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments: molecular organization and distribution in the cell. Protein associated to microtubules (chinesine and dynein) and to microfilaments (actin binding proteins). The centrosome. The cilia: structure and function.

Cell nucleus, nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex. Nucleocytoplasmic transport. Chromatin and nuclear matrix. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus: structure and molecular organization; the synthesis of rRNA and assembly of ribosomal subunits.

RECOMMENDED READING/BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alberts et al.; "L'essenziale di biologia molecolare della cellula"; Zanichelli Editori.

Zaccheo e Pestarino; "Citologia, istologia e anatomia microscopica"; Pearson

Maraldi e Tacchetti; "Biologia-Citologia medica"; Edi Ermes

TEACHERS AND EXAM BOARD

Exam Board

ROBERTA CASTRICONI (President)

PAOLA GHIORZO (President)

EMANUELA MARCENARO (President)

SIMONA SIVORI (President)

RODOLFO QUARTO (President and Coordinator of Integrated Course)

LESSONS

LESSONS START

first semester

Class schedule

The timetable for this course is available here: Portale EasyAcademy

EXAMS

EXAM DESCRIPTION

The exam consists of verifying - through a written test - the preparation acquired by the student in relation to the objectives of the teaching module.

It is possible that emergency situations prevent the execution of written exams in classroom. In this case, the examination method will change from written examination to oral examination and the Teams IT platform will be used.

In case of certification of specific learning disability, disability or other special educational needs, the University legislation and regulations on disability and SLD are applied (https://unige.it/disabilita-dsa/studenti-disabilit%C3% A0-normative).

See also the "Other information" section of this syllabus.

ASSESSMENT METHODS

The verification of the achievement of the formative objectives of the module will consist of a written test. The passing of the module will be obtained with at least 6 correct answers out of 10.

Exam schedule