CODE 68475 ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/2023 CREDITS 6 cfu anno 2 TECNICHE DI LABORATORIO BIOMEDICO 9293 (L/SNT3) - GENOVA LANGUAGE Italian TEACHING LOCATION GENOVA PREREQUISITES Propedeuticità in ingresso Per sostenere l'esame di questo insegnamento è necessario aver sostenuto i seguenti esami: BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 9293 (coorte 2021/2022) ANATOMY-HISTOLOGY 65456 2021 PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 66899 2021 PRACTICAL-CLINICAL INTERNSHIP - 1ST YEAR 87016 2021 MODULES Questo insegnamento è composto da: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES OF CLINICAL CHEMISTRY TEACHING MATERIALS AULAWEB OVERVIEW This integrated course should give the students theoretical-practical information to understand the fundamentals and the techniques at the basis of the biochemical analyses performed in the clinical laboratories. The different modules of this course analyse and integrate molecular and executive aspects concerning Human Systematic Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Clinical Chemical Techniques learning. AIMS AND CONTENT LEARNING OUTCOMES The student should acquire basic and specialistic concepts about: • clinical information that can be obtained by measuring the alteration of selected metabolic markers of glucidic, lipidic and nitrogen origin • relationship between protein structure/function characteristics and possible utilization of proteins, including enzymes, as markers in clinical biochemistry analyses• assay of enzymes as tools to measure the concentration of some analytes • mechanisms of hormone based signaling and relevant modification of validated parameters that can be measured • acid/base equilibria and changes indicative of altered tissue function. Clinical aspects of the hepatic and kydney function parameters. Techniques utilized in the laboratory of clinical chemistry including electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, potentiometry, nefelometry, radioimmunoassay. AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES The general target of this course is to give the student the possibility to understand the links between the upgrade of the scientific discoveries on the metabolism, the enzimology, the mechanism underlying the cell responses to local or systemic signals, the acid/base control and the choice of tissue function/lesion markers suitable to improve the diagnostics, prognostics and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. To reach this target the teachers discuss the clinical meaning of the current parameters used to evaluate the functionality of the lungs, the liver, the muscle and the kidney, as well as the problems connected to transfer new discoveries to clinical laboratory applications. The clinical biochemistry and the techniques of clinical chemistry issues are hence treated as dynamic and continuously evolving disciplines. Specific attention is given on the choice of innovative parameters, methodologies, techniques and devices utilized. Hence the students will approach the world of work with a basic understanding of the choice criteria to maintain some analytic tests, possibly sustained by a new assay, or to change previously used tests with different systems endowed with a higher sensitivity or specificity, following their validation. Lastly we discuss critical issues and innovative future challenges in the clinical biochemistry field, including the expansion of the specific biomarkers and the increasing specificity to detect tissue damage localized in different functional units of a single human organ. PREREQUISITES The student should know the metabolic pathways occurring in humans and the mechanisms for their regulation. TEACHING METHODS Teaching is performed by classroom-taught lessons with the aid of slides that are available to the students on the Aulaweb. For the part concerning the Clinical Chemistry techniques the student acquires information about the procedures utilized to obtain results that can be considered qualitatively and quantitatively acceptable, about the characteristics and the basis of the working principles of the devices utilized to carry out different clinical analyses. SYLLABUS/CONTENT Clinical Biochemistry: Clinical information obtained from specific alteration of electrolytic and acid/base equilibria. Markers of tissue function and damage: enzymes released by different cell sources. Glycemic profile: criteria to evaluate and manage the mellitus diabetes; ematochemical and urinary parameters during diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglicemic coma.Oral glucose tolerance test, glycated hemoglobin. Non protein nitrogen compounds of blood serum and information obtained from their concentration changes in the blood: urea, uric acido, creatinine, creatine, ammonia. Hepatic functionality: biochemical alterations in different hepatopaties; bilirubine, transaminases. Kydney functionality: specific markers and tests, creatinine clearance, micro e macroalbuminuria. Clinical significance of altered urinary biochemical parameters . Human Systematic Biochemistry: main metabolic pathways - mechanisms for the regulation of the metabolism of charboydrates, lipids and proteins.Metabolism integration and cell metabolic specialization. Liver: cellular organization and functions- specific metabolisms and their regulation (glycolisis and gluconeogenesis, glycogen; synthesis of different lipids, cholesterol, lipoproteins, aminoacids and urea cycle) - relationship between the liver and other organs. Muscle: molecular bases of muscle contraction-specific metabolisms and their regulation-metabolic relationships with other tissues. Adipose tissue: structure and function- specific imetabolisms and their regulation: signals for lipid mobilization-heat production. Intestinal metabolism: digestion of charboydrates, lipids, proteins,vitamins and nucleic acids. Central nervous system: specific metabolisms and their regulation, syntesis of neurotransmitters. Blood: composition and role in the transport of metabolites- glycemia - transport of O2 e CO2 - ionic equilibrium, plasma proteins and lipids transport. Hormonal control: main classes of hormones and their functions- hormon regulation of the energetic metabolism- metaboliche changes following fasting and physical exercise. Radioimmunology: Characteristics of a RIA test and post-radioimmunologic era; overview of the structure/function of an antibody and production of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies; main isotopes used for RIA; calibration curve and interpolation of the results; kinetics of reaction and equilibrium in a RIA reaction. Methods for the separation of free and bound fractions; elements of radiochemistry; definition of atom, nuclide, isotope and radioisotope. Radioactivity: types of radiations their energy and danger; radioactivity units; detection of beta radiation by liquid scintillation and gamma radiation by solid scintillation; antigen labelling with tritium and 125 iodine; rules of behavior for persons working in a RIA laboratory, knowing the internal ed esternal contamination risks and use of individual protection equipments; rules for the purchase, storage, transport and disposal of radioactive material. Production of polyclonal antibodies; antibody titer and its importance in a RIA method; antisera: specificity and affinity; production of a RIAhybridoma: polyclonal vs monoclonal antibodies; IRMA (Immuno Radio Metric Assay or immunoradiometric method); Difference of IRMA vs RIA; Automation of data analysis; regression models: logit-log function, spline, polynomial with 4 parameters; periodical monitoring of laboratory instruments: calibration and error limits. Outlines on the control of quality in a RIA laboratory.Types of errors in an analytical procedure and their detection: rough error, random, systematic. Performance of an analytical system. Causes of data variability: common and special causes. outlines of the statistical control of quality: indexes of position, dispersion and shape; setting up of a control chart and characterization of the limits of alert and of action of the results obtained; guidelines for a professional detecting errors or abnormal results during the assay. Techniques of Clinical Chemistry. Introduction to the Laboratory: the preanalytical phase, collection of the biological sample and criteria for its acceptability; types of samples; anticoagulants; treatment, delivery, centrifugation and storage. Equipments for analitical techniques: light carachteristics, interaction between materia and radiant energy, Lambert/ Beer law, absorbance and titration curve; rudiments of photometry and spectrophotometry (with single or double beam spectrophotometers); turbidimetry; nephelometry. Clinical applications: spectrophotometry with direct and indirect methods; colorimetric reactions; enzymatic reactions, primary and coupled reactions, enzymatic reactions NAD e NADP dependent; enzymatic-colorimetricreactions, Trinder end point method. Indirect Potentiometry: principles. Methods to determine the main parameters assayed in clinical chemistry (AST, ALT, gamma-GT, PCE and dibucaine number, LDH, total and direct Bilirubin, CPK, ALP, total and Pancreatic Amylase, Lipase, Urea and Ureic Nitrogen, Creatinine, Uric Acid, calculation of endogenous clearance, Iron, Ferritin, Glucose, total Cholesterol, HDL e LDL, Triglycerides, APO A e B, Natrium, Kalium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium): method and interpretation of a clinical datum, interferences. Quality of the analytical system: precision and preciseness of the analytical datum; specificity and sensitivity of a method; types of errors; calibrations, definition of limit of detection and sensitivity; internal and external quality control; dilutions. Electrophoresis and specifice proteins, biological materials and their collections. General characteristics of proteins, overview of their structure and function, methods for their assay• automatic equipments and their functioning. Electrophoretic separation of serum proteins• Electrophoretic standard profile: protein fractions (albumin-α1-α2-β1-β2-γ globulins) • specific proteins of the electrophoretic pattern. Gammapathies, Electrophoretic Immunofixation (EIF): principles and methods• Interpretation of the results, evaluation of normal and pathological patterns. Urinary electrophoresis. Search for Bence Jones protein • Methodology • Interpretatione of the results • Immunosubtraction and interpretation of the results. Definition of electrophoresis, electrophoretic techniques: principles, equipments and accessories (power supply, electrophoretic chamber, buffer, dyes, densitometer) • Protein migration and conditioning factors (voltage, frictional force, migration rate, electrophoretic mobility; sample; buffer solution; ionic strength; Joule effect; electroendosmosis) • implementation methods: free or front phase; on sifting and non sifting support or zonal • zonal electrophoresis of serum proteins on paper, cellulose acetate, agarose gel and in capillary • Methodology • Interpretation of migration and of graphics in capillary •evaluation of normal and pathological patterns• Comparison between methods. RECOMMENDED READING/BIBLIOGRAPHY Biochimica clinica by Allan Gaw, Michael J. Murphy, Robert A. Cowan, M. Lobello, L. Rossi- Editore Elsevier TEACHERS AND EXAM BOARD MARIO PASSALACQUA Ricevimento: Dr. Mario Passalacqua, Viale Benedetto Xv,1 16132 Genova Tel 010-3538128 e-mail: Mario.Passalacqua@unige.it ELENA ZOCCHI Ricevimento: On-demand tutorials and questions, either in presence (at DIMES, Sez. Biochimica, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 1st floor) or via the Teams platform, by appointment (ezocchi@unige.it and bagnasco@unige.it). LAURA MARCOMINI Ricevimento: Dipartimento Ricerca Traslazionale, Medicina di Laboratorio, Diagnostica e Servizi U.O.C. Laboratorio Analisi IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova Tel.: 01056362823 Email: lauramarcomini@gaslini.org ELISABETTA FRATERNALE Ricevimento: U.O.C Laboratorio di Analisi IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini5, 16147 Genova Tel: 01056362834 E-mail elisabettafraternale@gaslini.org MADDALENA MASTROGIACOMO Exam Board MARIO PASSALACQUA (President) ELISABETTA FRATERNALE LAURA MARCOMINI MADDALENA MASTROGIACOMO ELENA ZOCCHI (President and Coordinator of Integrated Course) LESSONS Class schedule CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES EXAMS EXAM DESCRIPTION All the teachers involved in this class concomitantly participate to the oral exam and only the students that obtain a minimal examination pass mark from the whole committee obtain a positive evaluationa. The students have seven chances to pass the examination along each academic year. ASSESSMENT METHODS To assess the ability of the student to develop a specific topic proposed during the oral exam, it is highly appreciated his capacity to propose and discuss the links with other kindred disciplines, the deepening of crucial points by critical analysis of the information acquired during single parts of this integrated class, the use of technical terms to describe specific assays and the relevant instruments utilized to carry out different types of analyses, the correct framework of characteristics, potential and limitations of alternative methods to measure clinical parameters. Exam schedule Data Ora Luogo Degree type Note 11/01/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 01/02/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 17/02/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 09/06/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 05/07/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 19/07/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 15/09/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 11/01/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 01/02/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 17/02/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 09/06/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 05/07/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 19/07/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 15/09/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 11/01/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 01/02/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 17/02/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 09/06/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 05/07/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 19/07/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto 15/09/2023 14:00 GENOVA Scritto